Effects of salinity and temperature on drag reduction characteristics of polymers in straight circular pipes

Dataset Identification:

Resource Abstract:
We attempted a complete review of the empirical literature on effects of roads and traffic on animal abundance and distribution. We found 79 studies, with results for 131 species and 30 species groups. Overall, the number of documented negative effects of roads on animal abundance outnumbered the number of positive effects by a factor of 5; 114 responses were negative, 22 were positive, and 56 showed no effect. Amphibians and reptiles tended to show negative effects. Birds showed mainly negative or no effects, with a few positive effects for some small birds and for vultures. Small mammals generally showed either positive effects or no effect, mid-sized mammals showed either negative effects or no effect, and large mammals showed predominantly negative effects. We synthesized this information, along with information on species attributes, to develop a set of predictions of the conditions that lead to negative or positive effects or no effect of roads on animal abundance. Four species types are predicted to respond negatively to roads: (i) species that are attracted to roads and are unable to avoid individual cars; (ii) species with large movement ranges, low reproductive rates, and low natural densities; and (iii and iv) small animals whose populations are not limited by road-affected predators and either (a) avoid habitat near roads due to traffic disturbance or (b) show no avoidance of roads or traffic disturbance and are unable to avoid oncoming cars. Two species types are predicted to respond positively to roads: (i) species that are attracted to roads for an important resource (e.g., food) and are able to avoid oncoming cars, and (ii) species that do not avoid traffic disturbance but do avoid roads, and whose main predators show negative population-level responses to roads. Other conditions lead to weak or non-existent effects of roads and traffic on animal abundance. We identify areas where further research is needed, but we also argue that the evidence for populationlevel effects of roads and traffic is already strong enough to merit routine consideration of mitigation of these effects in all road construction and maintenance projects.
Citation
Title Effects of salinity and temperature on drag reduction characteristics of polymers in straight circular pipes
  Date   2009
Topic Category:  geoscientificInformation
Keywords:
Keywords
environmental impact
landscape connectivity
mortality
population density
road network
road density
road effect zone
road mitigation
species distribution
species richness
traffic density
traffic volume
Theme keywords (theme):
Landscape
thesaurus name >
Title Realm > Geosphere
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Polymer
PIPES
thesaurus name >
Title Material > Chemical
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Species
Food
thesaurus name >
Title Material > Biological Material
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Animal
thesaurus name >
Title Science Domain > Biology
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Habitat
thesaurus name >
Title Realm > Habitat
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Road
thesaurus name >
Title Feature > Environmental Feature
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Theme keywords (theme):
Salinity
Temperature
Density
Volume
thesaurus name >
Title Property > Measure
publication  Date   2017-01-14
other Citation Details  Cinergi keyword enhanced at Sat Jan 14 05:32:29 UTC 2017
Resource language:  eng
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URL: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5140be7ce4b06685e5db9a42
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link function information
Description Link to the ScienceBase Item Summary page for the item described by this metadata record
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Metadata data stamp:  2013-03-13T17:59:24Z
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none
Metadata contact - author
organisation Name  Kamel, A.
Contact information
Metadata contact - author
organisation Name  Shah, S.N.
Contact information
Metadata scope code  dataset
Metadata language  eng USA
Metadata character set encoding:   utf8
Metadata standard for this record:  ISO19115
standard version:  1.0
Metadata record identifier:  5140be7ce4b06685e5db9a42
URI for dataset described: > https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5140be7ce4b06685e5db9a42

Metadata record format is ISO19139-2 XML (MI_Metadata)