Spring leaf and bloom index dates (1880-2013) and migratory bird flyways
Dataset Identification:
Resource Abstract:
This page contains NetCDF files of the Spring Leaf and Bloom Indices spanning 1880-2013. These files were created and are
maintained by the USA National Phenology Network (<a href="http://www.usanpn.org/">www.usanpn.org</a>). The Extended Spring
Indices are mathematical models that predict the "start of spring" (timing of leaf out or bloom for species active in early
spring) at a particular location (Schwartz 1997, Schwartz et al. 2006, Schwartz et al. 2013). These models were constructed
using historical observations of the timing of first leaf and first bloom in a cloned lilac cultivar (S. x chinensis 'Red
Rothomagensis') and two cloned honeysuckle cultivars (Lonicera tatarica 'Arnold Red' and L. korolkowii 'Zabelii'). Primary
inputs to the model are temperature and weather events, beginning January 1 of each year (Ault et al. 2015). The model output
is the day of year that a particular location met the requirements of one of the Spring Index models (First Leaf or First
Bloom). As the Extended Spring Index models are based on individual models for each of three calibration species, model output
is available for each of these species individually, or as an average of the three species. The original Spring Indices (Schwartz
1997) included a chilling requirement. In a more recent version of the model (Schwartz et al. 2013), referred to as the Extended
Spring Indices, the chilling requirement was excluded, allowing the index to be extended across the entire U.S. Spring index
products in the USA National Phenology Network's gridded data product suite are based on the Extended Spring Indices.<br>
This page also contains a vector file of continental-scale migratory bird flyways. This vector file was generated by merging
a digital US flyway product (Ducks Unlimited, 2017) with digital boundaries of Canadian provinces (Natural Resources Canada,
2017) and Mexican states (US Geological Survey, 2017). We manually defined boundaries to create the four distinct continental
flyways: Pacific, Central, Mississippi and Atlantic.<br> <br> <strong>References:</strong><br> Ducks Unlimited. DU Flyways
[Internet]. 2005 [cited 23 Feb 2017]. Available: http://www.ducks.org/conservation/geographic-information-systems/gis-spatial-data-download/page2<br>
<br> Natural Resources Canada. Free Data - GeoGratis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 1 Jul 2017]. Available: <a href="https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/topographic-information/free-data-geogratis/11042">https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/topographic-information/free-data-geogratis/11042</a><br>
<br> Schwartz M. Spring index models: an approach to connecting satellite and surface phenology. In: Lieth H, Schwartz M,
editors. Phenology of Seasonal Climates. Netherlands: Backhuys; 1997. pp. 2338.<br> <br> Schwartz MD, Ault TR, Betancourt
JL. Spring onset variations and trends in the continental United States: past and regional assessment using temperature-based
indices. Int J Climatol. 2013; 33: 29172922. doi:10.1002/joc.3625<br> <br> U.S. Geological Survey. Digital map of the state
(political) boundaries of Mexico [Internet]. 2014 [cited 23 Feb 2017]. Available: https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/digital-map-of-the-state-political-boundaries-of-mexico<br>
Citation
Title Spring leaf and bloom index dates (1880-2013) and migratory bird flyways
other Citation Details
Cinergi keyword enhanced.File generated at Wed Dec 05 04:33:58 UTC 2018
purpose:
These datasets were compiled to evaluate changes in the start of spring onset at three spatial scales: the US National Wildlife
Refuge System; the four major bird migratory flyways in North America; and the seasonal ranges (i.e., breeding and non-breeding
grounds) of two migratory bird species, Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera) and Whooping Crane (Grus americana) for
the period 1901 to 2012